Stroke: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

 A stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced. This can cause brain cells to die and result in lasting brain damage, dysfunction, or death.

Causes

Several factors can cause a stroke, including:

· High blood pressure

· Smoking

· Diabetes

· High cholesterol

· Atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat)

· Carotid artery disease (narrowing or blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the brain)

· Cerebral aneurysm (a weakened area in a blood vessel in the brain that may rupture or leak)

Symptoms

The symptoms of a stroke can vary depending on the part of the brain affected. Common signs and symptoms include:

· Numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body

· Confusion, trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech

· Trouble seeing in one or both eyes

· Dizziness, loss of balance, or trouble walking

· Severe headache with no known cause

Diagnosis

A doctor can diagnose a stroke through a physical exam, medical history review, and diagnostic tests, such as:

· Brain imaging scans (such as CT or MRI)

· Carotid ultrasound to check for blockages in the carotid arteries

· Blood tests to check for clotting or bleeding abnormalities

· Electrocardiogram (ECG) to check for irregular heartbeats

Treatment

Treatment for a stroke typically involves emergency care to restore blood flow to the brain and prevent further damage. This may include:

· Medication to dissolve blood clots or prevent new ones from forming

· Medical procedures to remove blood clots

· Rehabilitation therapy (such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy) to aid in recovery

· Lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors (such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet)